Activins, like all members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, are synthesized as large pro-hormones with N-terminal pro- and C-terminal mature domains. Studies have shown that the prodomains template the dimerization of pro-activin forms, that are subsequently processed to yield pro/mature fragments. The prodomains, although important for folding and extracellular localization, must be removed prior to activity. Activin forms retaining the prodomain are biologically inactive.

Activin B, like certain other members of the TGF-β family, signals through the ActRII receptor (Activin Receptor type II). Human Activin B is a 25.6 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two βB chains, each containing 115 amino acid residues.

Activin B exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including regulation of embryogenesis, osteogenesis, hematopoiesis, reproductive physiology and hormone secretion from the hypothalamic, pituitary and gonadal glands.

Activin B ELISA AL-150

Panagiotou G, Papakonstantinou E, Vagionas A, Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Serum Levels of Activins, Follistatins, and Growth Factors in Neoplasms of the Breast: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Feb 1;104(2):349-358.

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin ELISA AL-117; Follistatin Like 3 ELISA AL-152; IGF-I ELISA AL-121; Total IGFBP-4 ELISA AL-126; Intact IGFBP-4 ELISA AL-128

Synolaki E, Papadopoulos V, Divolis G, Tsahouridou O, Gavriilidis E, Loli G, Gavriil A, Tsigalou C, Tziolos NR, Sertaridou E, Kalra B, Kumar A, Rafailidis P, Pasternack A, Boumpas DT, Germanidis G, Ritvos O, Metallidis S, Skendros P, Sideras P. The Activin/Follistatin-axis is severely deregulated in COVID-19 and independently associated with in-hospital mortality. J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 24:jiab108. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab108. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33625513; PMCID: PMC7928794

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin ELISA AL-117

Kristensen SG, Kumar A, Mamsen LS, Kalra B, Pors SE, Bøtkjær JA, Macklon KT, Fedder J, Ernst E, Hardy K, Franks S, Andersen CY. Intrafollicular concentrations of the oocyte-secreted factors GDF9 and BMP15 vary inversely in polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 May 2:dgac272. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac272. Epub ahead of
print. PMID: 35511085.

All Products Cited: GDF-9 ELISA AL-176; BMP-15 ELISA AL-179; GDF-9/BMP-15 Complex ELISA AL-181; AMH ELISA AL-105; Inhibin A ELISA AL-123; Inhibin B ELISA AL-107; Total Inhibin ELISA AL-134; Activin B ELISA AL-110; Activin AB ELISA AL-153; Follistatin ELISA AL-117

Kalra B, Patel A, Kommareddy V, Ganapathy K, Mistry S, Budhavarapu V, Savjani G, Pasternack A, Ritvos O, Hyvonen M, Kumar A . Development of Novel Specific ELISAs for all Inhibins, Activins and their Binding Proteins FST and FSTL3. Poster presented at 98th Annual Endocrine Society Meeting; 2016 Apr 1-3; Boston, MA.

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Kristensen SG. Altered Levels of TGF-Beta Superfamily Growth Factors in Small Antral Follicle Fluids from Polycystic Ovaries. Poster session presented at the International Congress of Endocrinology, 2018 Dec 1-4, Cape Town South Africa.

All Products Cited: GDF-9 ELISA AL-176; AMH ELISA AL-105; Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Activin AB ELISA Al-153; Follistatin ELISA AL-117

Panagiotou G, Ghaly W, Upadhyay J, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Mantzoros CS. Serum Follistatin Is Increased in Thyroid Cancer and Is Associated With Adverse Tumor Characteristics in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Apr 23;106(5):e2137-e2150. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab041. PMID: 33493282.

All Products Cited: Follistatin ELISA AL-117; Follistatin Like 3 ELISA AL-152; Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Stanniocalcin 2 ELISA AL-143; Free IGF-I ELISA AL-122

Richani D, Constance K, Lien S, Agapiou D, Stocker WA, Hedger MP, Ledger WL, Thompson JG, Robertson DM, Mottershead DG, Walton KL, Harrison CA, Gilchrist RB. Cumulin and FSH Cooperate to Regulate Inhibin B and Activin B Production by Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells In Vitro. Endocrinology. 2019 Apr 1;160(4):853-862.

All Products Cited: Activin B ELISA AL-150

Peradze N, Farr OM, Perakakis N, Lázaro I, Sala-Vila A, Mantzoros CS. Short-term treatment with high dose liraglutide improves lipid and lipoprotein profle and changes hormonal mediators of lipid metabolism in obese patients with no overt type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, double-. Peradze et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol (2019) 18:141 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0945-7

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin AB ELISA AL-153; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin ELISA AL-117; Follistatin-Like 3 ELISA AL-152

Paajanen J, Ilonen I, Lauri H, Järvinen T, Sutinen E, Ollila H, Rouvinen E, Lemström K, Räsänen J, Ritvos O, Koli K, Myllärniemi M. Elevated Circulating Activin A Levels in Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Are Related to Cancer Cachexia and Reduced Response to Platinum-based Chemotherapy. Clin Lung Cancer. 2019 Oct 25. pii: S1525-7304(19)30287-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2019.10.013. [Epub ahead of print]

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin ELISA AL-117; Follistatin Like 3 ELISA AL-152

Perakakis N, Upadhyay J, Ghaly W, Chen J, Chrysafi P, Anastasilakis AD, Mantzoros CS. Regulation of the activins-follistatins-inhibins axis by energy status: Impact on reproductive function. Metabolism. 2018 May 9. pii: S0026-0495(18)30120-3.

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Perakakis N, Upadhyay J, Ghaly W, Chen J, Mantzoros CS. Leptin-dependent and leptin-independent pathways linking energy sufficiency with reproduction. Poster session presented at the Obesity Week Meeting; 2017 Oct 29-Nov 2; Washington DC.

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin Like 3 ELISA AL-152; Inhibin B ELISA AL-107; AMH ELISA AL-105

Perakakis N, Chen J, Ghaly W, Vamvini MT, Mantzoros CS. Effects of oral and intravenous lipid administration on hormones affecting energy balance. Poster session presented at the Obesity Week Meeting; 2017 Oct 29-Nov 2; Washington DC.

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin Like 3 ELISA AL-152; Oxyntomodulin ELISA AL-139

Polyzos SA, Perakakis N, Boutari C, Kountouras J, Ghaly W, Anastasilakis AD, Karagiannis A, Mantzoros CS. Targeted Analysis of Three Hormonal Systems Identifies Molecules Associated with the Presence and Severity of NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):e390–400. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz172. PMID: 31690932;
PMCID: PMC7112980.

All Products Cited: GLP-1 ELISA AL-172; GLP-2 ELISA AL-174; Glucagon ELISA AL-157; MPGF ELISA AL-175; Oxyntomodulin ELISA AL-139; Follistatin-Like 3 ELISA AL-152; Activin B ELISA AL-150; IGF-I ELISA AL-121; Total IGFBP-3 ELISA AL-120; Intact IGFBP-3 ELISA AL-149; Total IGFBP-4 ELISA AL-126; Intact IGFBP-4 ELISA AL-128; picoPAPP-A ELISA AL-101

Houston BJ, O’Connor AE, Wang D, Goodchild G, Merriner DJ, Luan H, Conrad DF, Nagirnaja L, Aston KI, Kliesch S, Wyrwoll MJ, Friedrich C, Tüttelmann F, Harrison C, O’Bryan MK, Walton K. Human INHBB Gene Variant (c.1079T>C:p.Met360Thr) Alters Testis Germ Cell Content, but Does Not Impact Fertility in Mice. Endocrinology. 2022
Mar 1;163(3):bqab269. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqab269. PMID: 35022746.

All Products Cited: Activin B ELISA AL-150

Calvert ME, Kalra B, Patel A, Kumar A, Shaw ND. Serum and urine profiles of TGF-β superfamily members in reproductive aged women. Clin Chim Acta. 2021 Dec 5;524:96-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.002. Online ahead of print

All Products Cited: Inhibin A (pico) ELISA AL-184; Inhibin B ELISA AL-107; Inhibin (Total) ELISA AL-134; AMH (PCOCheck) ELISA AL-196; Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Activin AB ELISA AL-153; Follistatin ELISA AL-117; GDF-9/BMP-15 Complex ELISA AL-181; GDF-15 (Total) ELISA AL-1014; GDF-15 (H2O2D non-detectable) ELISA AL-1018

Kristensen SG, Kumar A, Kalra B, Pors SE, Bøtkjær JA, Mamsen LS, Colmorn LB, Fedder J, Ernst E, Owens LA, Hardy K, Franks S, Andersen CY. Quantitative Differences in TGF-β Family Members Measured in Small Antral Follicle Fluids From Women With or Without PCO. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Dec 1;104(12):6371-6384. doi:
10.1210/jc.2019-01094. PMID: 31287539.

All Products Cited: GDF-9 ELISA AL-179; picoAMH ELISA AL-124; Inhibin-A ELISA AL-123; Inhibin-B ELISA AL-107; Inhibin (Total) ELISA AL-134; Activin-A ELISA AL-110; Activin-B ELISA AL-150; Activin AB ELISA AL-153; Follistatin ELISA AL-117; FTSL-3 ELISA AL-152

Perakakis N, Mougios V, Fatouros I, Siopi A, Draganidis D, Peradze N, Ghaly W, Mantzoros CS. Physiology of Activins/Follistatins: Associations With Metabolic and Anthropometric Variables and Response to Exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Oct 1;103(10):3890-3899.

All Products Cited: Activin A ELISA AL-110; Activin B ELISA AL-150; Follistatin ELISA AL-117; Follistatin-like 3 ELISA AL-152

Technical Literature